Fig. 1. Ebola Signs and Symptoms. |
Editor’s Note: SciColl held our first community workshop on Emerging Infectious Diseases in October 2014. This October we're posting several pieces that highlight the important work where collections continue to play an integral role.
Editor’s Note: SciColl intern, Ebubechi Okpalugo from Pembroke College, contributed this article as part of her time in the SciColl office during Summer 2017.
Editor’s Note: SciColl intern, Ebubechi Okpalugo from Pembroke College, contributed this article as part of her time in the SciColl office during Summer 2017.
Sweeping across three countries and
claiming over 11,000 lives, the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak is almost
impossible to forget. First
identified in 1976, in a remote village named Zaire in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, there have been
multiple outbreaks of the virus since. But the 2014 pandemic, caused by the
Zaire strain, has been the most deadly. Striking on the border of three of the
poorest African nations, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia, the virus spread to an
unprecedented scale. Liberia, the worst hit, was not officially declared Ebola-free
until the 13th of January 2016.
Could it have been
stopped quicker? That’s where scientific collections come in.
At first, natural history museums may seem entirely
unrelated to the relentless speed and devastation of an infectious disease
outbreak. When in fact, that’s where they’re often
at their most useful. During a pandemic, the first things to determine are:
the pathogen causing the disease, how it emerged, how it is transmitted and how
it can be maintained. If undocumented, acquiring this information under the
time pressure of trying to save thousands of lives can be almost impossible.
But the answers needed may be available within
scientific collections of museums and research institutes.
Diane Diellius, who played a large role in the establishment
of SciColl, recalls when a vaccine for MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome-related
coronavirus) was being developed and camels were of interest as they
transmitted the virus to human. ‘Do you
happen to know anyone with a camel collection?’ her colleague asked – where
exactly does one start to look for this information?
If continuous effort had been made to collect and maintain
field samples of infected human serum samples after previous smaller outbreaks
of Ebola, the story of the 2014 pandemic
may have been very different. Collections like these would allow the local
distribution of Ebola viruses to be identified, and tabs to be kept on new
mutations through genome
sequencing. Therefore through vaccinations and diagnostic tests, a possible outbreak
could have been predicted and prevented, or stopped much earlier in its tracks.
Fig. 2. Bat specimens in the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. |
These benefits can only be realized through continued collaboration between the public health
sector and the research communities that rely on scientific
collections. Three years after SciColl’s EID workshop,
Diane discussed the advancements that have been made, but also ways in which
the movement for transparency across international collections has been
hindered. People cannot share or
collaborate if they aren’t speaking the same language, and there’s the
issue of what taxonomy is used to classify objects within a collection, so
information can be shared homogenously. SciColl maintains a registry of
collections aimed at reducing this barrier, GRSciColl
(Global Registry of Scientific Collections), a consolidated and comprehensive
mass of information about scientific collections based from around the world. Globally,
there have also been efforts to try and identify and create a database of 99%
of all high-consequence viruses in wildlife hosts which are the most likely to
carry the next pandemic – the Global Virome Project.
However, conflicting measures have developed at the same
time, such as the Nagoya Protocol and the
Convention on Biological Diversity, consolidating the rights of countries
to have control of their own resources. Despite their importance, they
contradict with SciColl’s aim of global sharing and international accessibility
across collections. For example, in 2007, Indonesia decided to stop
the sharing of virus samples with the WHO, with officials in Indonesia
expressing their anger that viruses from their country might be used to make a
commercial bird flu vaccine that they themselves would never be able to afford.
But with most of the recent bird flu cases occurring in Indonesia, their viral
samples are incredibly important in monitoring the evolution of bird flus that
have the potential for global impact.
The future of scientific collections depends on international
forums where people are talking about these issues, so that their full
relevance can be recognized, and
revered.
References:
DiEuliis, D., Johnson, K., Morse, S. and Schindel, D.
(2016). Opinion: Specimen collections should have a much bigger role in
infectious disease research and response. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, 113(1), pp.4-7.
Walsh, B. (2007). Indonesia's Bird Flu Showdown. TIME,
[online] p.1. Available at:
http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1619229,00.html [Accessed 31
Aug. 2017].
Thompson, H. (2014). Tracking the 2014 Ebola Outbreak Through Its
Genes. Smithsonian.com, [online] p.1. Available at:
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/tracking-2014-ebola-outbreak-through-its-genes-180952487/
[Accessed 31 Aug. 2017].
Spillover — Zika, Ebola & Beyond. (2016). [video]
Directed by J. Barrat. Chevy Chase, MD: Tangled Bank Studios.
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